What is DKA?

DKA is a life-threatening medical emergency. It happens when there is not enough insulin, so the body breaks down fat for energy. This produces Ketones (acids) that build up in the blood, making it dangerously acidic.

Who gets it?

• Primarily people with Type 1 Diabetes (but can happen in Type 2 under extreme stress).
• Often the first sign of undiagnosed diabetes.
• Triggered by: Missed insulin doses, infection, illness, or stress.

Symptoms:

• High blood sugar (usually >250 mg/dL).
• Fruity-smelling breath (acetone, like nail polish remover).
• Rapid, deep breathing (Kussmaul respirations - the body trying to blow off acid).
• Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain.
• Confusion or loss of consciousness.

Treatment:

DKA requires immediate hospitalization in the ICU.

• IV Fluids: To rehydrate.
• IV Insulin: To stop ketone production.
• Electrolyte Replacement: Potassium and others.

Prevention:

• NEVER skip insulin.
• Sick Day Rules: Even if you're not eating, you STILL need insulin (sometimes more). Check ketones with urine strips.
• When to go to the ER: If blood sugar is >250 AND you have ketones, vomiting, or confusion.