What is Type 1 Diabetes?

Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Without insulin, glucose (sugar) cannot enter the cells, so it builds up in the bloodstream.

Who gets it?

T1D is most often diagnosed in children and young adults (hence the old name "Juvenile Diabetes"), but it can occur at any age. It has nothing to do with diet or lifestyle. You cannot prevent it.

Signs and Symptoms ("The 3 Ps"):

• Polyuria (Excessive Urination): High sugar spills into the urine, dragging water with it.
• Polydipsia (Extreme Thirst): The body is trying to replace lost fluids.
• Polyphagia (Increased Hunger): Cells are starving for energy.
• Weight Loss: The body breaks down muscle and fat for fuel.
• Fatigue: Cells cannot get energy from glucose.

Diagnosis:

• Blood Glucose: Random glucose >200 mg/dL or Fasting >126 mg/dL.
• A1c: ≥6.5%.
• Antibodies: GAD, IA-2, or ZnT8 antibodies confirm autoimmune origin.

Treatment:

Insulin is not optional. It is life-sustaining. There is no cure, but with proper management, people with T1D live full, active lives.

• Insulin Types: Rapid-acting (mealtime), Long-acting (basal/background).
• Delivery: Multiple Daily Injections (MDI) or Insulin Pump.
• Monitoring: Blood glucose checks or Continuous Glucose Monitors (CGM).

The Honeymoon Phase:

Shortly after diagnosis, some beta cells may still be working. Insulin needs drop temporarily. This is NOT a cure; it always ends.